Kress WJ (1986) The systematic distribution of vascular epiphytes: an update. Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato Kirby C (2014) Field guide to New Zealand‘s epiphytes, vines & mistletoes. Archiv naturwissenschaftlicher Dissertationen. Ibisch PL (1996) Neotropische Epiphytendiversität-das Beispiel Bolivien, vol 1. In: Mulkey SS, Chazdon RL, Smith AP (eds) Tropical forest plant ecophysiology. Holbrook NM, Putz F (1996) Physiology of tropical vines and hemiepiphytes: plants that climb up and plants that climb down. Gomes-da-Silva J, da Costa AF (2011) A taxonomic revision of Vriesea corcovadensis group (Bromeliaceae: Tillandsioideae) with description of two new species. Gentry AH, Dodson CH (1987) Diversity and biogeography of neotropical vascular epiphytes. Gaxiola A, Burrows LE, Coomes DA (2008) Tree fern trunks facilitate seedling regeneration in a productive lowland temperate rain forest. Victoria University Press, Wellingtonįadini RF, Cintra R (2015) Modeling occupancy of hosts by mistletoe seeds after accounting for imperfect detectability. Stanford University Press, Stanfordĭawson JW (1988) Forest vines to snow tussocks: the story of New Zealand plants. Selbyana 10:24–30Ĭroat TB (1978) Flora of Barro Colorado Island. N Z J Bot 48:185–191Ĭhase MW (1987) Obligate twig epiphytism in the Oncidiinae and other neotropical orchids. Cambridge University Press, Cambridgeīurns KC (2010) How arboreal are epiphytes? A null model for Benzing’s classifications. Ethnobot Res Appl 3:243–260īenzing DH (1990) Vascular epiphytes. Check List 8:642–661īalcázar Vargas MP, van Andel T (2005) The use of Hemiepiphytes as craft fibres by indigenous communities in the Colombian Amazon. Folia Geobot 40:135–149Īssédé EPS, Adomou AC, Sinsin B (2012) Magnoliophyta, Biosphere Reserve of Pendjari, Atacora Province, Benin. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.Īllard DJ, Petru M, Mill RR (2005) An ecological study of Pedicularis dendrothauma, an arboreal hemiparasitic epiphyte from Nepal. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors.
#Zotz definition drivers
A final section focuses on the question which ecological drivers caused or facilitated the conquest of tree crowns in the first place. I also treat other structurally dependent plant groups which share the same habitat (lianas, nomadic vines, hemiepiphytes, and mistletoes) and explore possible evolutionary links between them. The question whether epiphytes should be considered a life form at all is also discussed. Although the distinction of vascular epiphytes from other life forms causes no problem in the majority of cases, conceptual issues, intraspecific plasticity, and a lack of data can cause occasional ambiguity.
plants that germinate and root non-parasitically on other plants at all stages of their life. However, we identify a large, quite heterogeneous group of species with intermediate traits between those of normal stems and pseudobulbs.This introductory chapter sets the scene by defining the subject of the book: vascular epiphytes, i.e. While water storage capacity in the smallest plants is maximized relative to the transpiring surface, the increased absolute water storage capacity of larger plants relaxes the selective pressure to depart more and more from a spherical shape.Ĭonclusions. Although some ambiguity remains, the results of our quantitative approach confirm the usefulness of the pseudobulb concept. This pattern, although much more pronounced in species with normal stems, was also found in certain species with pseudobulbs. In the majority of cases, stem shape changed substantially from sometimes almost spherical in small juveniles to elongated in larger individuals.
A second part of the study assessed ontogenetic changes in stem shape. Within the latter group, two subgroups emerged: a relatively homogeneous subgroup of species with rather globose, mostly heteroblastic pseudobulbs and a morphologically and anatomically much more diverse second subgroup of species with homoblastic stems. However, a cluster analysis of all three traits separated species with normal stems from those with thickened stems. Pivotal results. Shape as such did not allow us to separate groups: variation was continuous in our data set. Methodology. We studied three morphological characteristics (succulence index, deviation from spherical shape, and proportion of lignified tissue in cross sections) in stems of 89 orchid species. It is currently impossible to decide whether variation is continuous rather than categorical.
Premise of research. Although the term “pseudobulb” has been used in the literature on Orchidaceae for almost two centuries, no definition establishes unambiguous criteria to distinguish such a succulent shoot from a “normal” stem.
0 kommentar(er)
